Use of Traditional Cultural Expressions/Traditional Knowledge,
Traditional knowledge and cultural expressions can be used for different purposes. The use of traditional knowledge or cultural expressions includes commercial or industrial use, customary use, fair use, household use and public health use of traditional medicine, and research and educational use. Commercial Use Black’s Law Dictionary defines “commercial use” as “[a] use that is connected with or furthers an ongoing profit-making activity.” “Non-commercial use” is defined as “[a] use for private pleasure or business purposes that non involving the generation of income or bestowing a reward or other compensation.” Customary Use The Pacific Regional Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture, 2002, defines customary use as “the use of traditional knowledge or expressions of culture in accordance with the customary laws and practices of the traditional owners.” The term “continuing customary use” refers to the persistence and living nature in the use of traditional knowledge and/or traditional cultural expressions by indigenous communities in accordance with their own customary laws and practices. Fair Use In the field of copyright, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “fair use” as “[a] reasonable and limited use of a copyrighted work without the author’s permission, such as quoting from a book in a book review or using parts of it in a parody. Fair use is a defense to an infringement claim, depending on the following statutory factors: (1) the purpose and character of the use, (2) the nature of the copyrighted work, (3) the amount of the work used, and (4) the economic impact of the use.” Household Use and Public Health Use Black’s Law Dictionary defines “household” as “[b]elong to the house or family; domestic”. Paragraph 1 of Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health recognize “the gravity of the public health problems afflicting many developing and least-developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics.” Paragraph 5(c) further states that “[e]ach Member has the right to determine what constitutes a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, it being understood that public health crises, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics, can represent a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency.” Research and Educational Use In the field of patents, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “experimental-use defense” as “[a] defense to a claim of patent infringement raised when the construction and use of the patented invention was for scientific purposes only. While still recognized, this defense is narrowly construed and today may apply only to research that tests the inventor's claims.” It is to be noted that, although intellectual property rights are exclusive rights, certain exceptions and limitations to the exclusive rights are provided. For example, in the field of patents, a number of countries provide in their national legislations for certain exceptions and limitations to the exclusive rights, including, but not limited to:
Traditional knowledge and cultural expressions can be used for different purposes. The use of traditional knowledge or cultural expressions includes commercial or industrial use, customary use, fair use, household use and public health use of traditional medicine, and research and educational use. Commercial Use Black’s Law Dictionary defines “commercial use” as “[a] use that is connected with or furthers an ongoing profit-making activity.” “Non-commercial use” is defined as “[a] use for private pleasure or business purposes that non involving the generation of income or bestowing a reward or other compensation.” Customary Use The Pacific Regional Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture, 2002, defines customary use as “the use of traditional knowledge or expressions of culture in accordance with the customary laws and practices of the traditional owners.” The term “continuing customary use” refers to the persistence and living nature in the use of traditional knowledge and/or traditional cultural expressions by indigenous communities in accordance with their own customary laws and practices. Fair Use In the field of copyright, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “fair use” as “[a] reasonable and limited use of a copyrighted work without the author’s permission, such as quoting from a book in a book review or using parts of it in a parody. Fair use is a defense to an infringement claim, depending on the following statutory factors: (1) the purpose and character of the use, (2) the nature of the copyrighted work, (3) the amount of the work used, and (4) the economic impact of the use.” Household Use and Public Health Use Black’s Law Dictionary defines “household” as “[b]elong to the house or family; domestic”. Paragraph 1 of Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health recognize “the gravity of the public health problems afflicting many developing and least-developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics.” Paragraph 5(c) further states that “[e]ach Member has the right to determine what constitutes a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, it being understood that public health crises, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics, can represent a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency.” Research and Educational Use In the field of patents, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “experimental-use defense” as “[a] defense to a claim of patent infringement raised when the construction and use of the patented invention was for scientific purposes only. While still recognized, this defense is narrowly construed and today may apply only to research that tests the inventor's claims.” It is to be noted that, although intellectual property rights are exclusive rights, certain exceptions and limitations to the exclusive rights are provided. For example, in the field of patents, a number of countries provide in their national legislations for certain exceptions and limitations to the exclusive rights, including, but not limited to:
- a) acts done for private and non-commercial use;
- b) acts done only for experimental purposes or research purposes.
Utilization,
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) defines at Article 2(c) as follows: “to conduct research and development on the genetic and/or biochemical composition of genetic resources, including through the application of biotechnology as defined in Article 2 of the Convention.” The “Like-Minded Countries Contribution to the Objectives and Principles on the Protection of Genetic Resources and Preliminary Draft Articles on the Protection of Genetic Resources” (document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/19/11) provides the following definition of “utilization of genetic resources” at Article 1(2)(e):” to conduct research and development on the genetic and/or biochemical composition of genetic resources, their derivatives and associated traditional knowledge including through the application of biotechnology”.
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) defines at Article 2(c) as follows: “to conduct research and development on the genetic and/or biochemical composition of genetic resources, including through the application of biotechnology as defined in Article 2 of the Convention.” The “Like-Minded Countries Contribution to the Objectives and Principles on the Protection of Genetic Resources and Preliminary Draft Articles on the Protection of Genetic Resources” (document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/19/11) provides the following definition of “utilization of genetic resources” at Article 1(2)(e):” to conduct research and development on the genetic and/or biochemical composition of genetic resources, their derivatives and associated traditional knowledge including through the application of biotechnology”.
Value,
The relative lightness or darkness of tones or colors. For example, white and yellow have a light value; black and violet have a dark value.
The relative lightness or darkness of tones or colors. For example, white and yellow have a light value; black and violet have a dark value.
Vanishing point,
In linear perspective, the place on the horizon where parallel lines appear to meet or converge.
In linear perspective, the place on the horizon where parallel lines appear to meet or converge.
Vat dyes,
Fast textile dyestuff which are insoluble in water but and have to be converted by chemically to be absorbed by the fabric. The dye has to form compounds soluble in Alkalis when reduced, that is when the oxygen is removed. In this state dyestuff is deposited on to the fibres in the dye vat and on contact with the air reverts to its insoluble, stable compound form. Indigo and shellfish or Tyrian purple are the only natural vat dyes. This class of dyes has a good all-round fastness properties.
Fast textile dyestuff which are insoluble in water but and have to be converted by chemically to be absorbed by the fabric. The dye has to form compounds soluble in Alkalis when reduced, that is when the oxygen is removed. In this state dyestuff is deposited on to the fibres in the dye vat and on contact with the air reverts to its insoluble, stable compound form. Indigo and shellfish or Tyrian purple are the only natural vat dyes. This class of dyes has a good all-round fastness properties.
Vegetable fibres,
Fibrous plant materials which can be used for the construction of thread and felted fabric. See also abaca, bark-cloth, cotton, hemp, pina.
Fibrous plant materials which can be used for the construction of thread and felted fabric. See also abaca, bark-cloth, cotton, hemp, pina.