Calligraphy,
Artful form of writing letters or words with brushes or pens, originated by the Chinese.
Artful form of writing letters or words with brushes or pens, originated by the Chinese.
Canting,
The Javanese name for a small batik tool consisting of a wooden handle with a copper reservoir from which a spout permits the controlled application of the molten wax to the cloth surface.
The Javanese name for a small batik tool consisting of a wooden handle with a copper reservoir from which a spout permits the controlled application of the molten wax to the cloth surface.
Cap,
The Javanese term for a metal stamp, usually constructed of strips of sheet copper, used in the batik process to apply molten wax to the cloth surface.
The Javanese term for a metal stamp, usually constructed of strips of sheet copper, used in the batik process to apply molten wax to the cloth surface.
Carat,
A term used to express the degree of purity or fineness of gold. Pure gold is 24 carat or 1000 fine. The fineness of alloyed gold can be expressed in the number of parts of gold by weight that are contained in 24 parts of the alloy. For example, 18 carat gold contains 18/24 parts of gold and is 75% gold or 750 fine.
A term used to express the degree of purity or fineness of gold. Pure gold is 24 carat or 1000 fine. The fineness of alloyed gold can be expressed in the number of parts of gold by weight that are contained in 24 parts of the alloy. For example, 18 carat gold contains 18/24 parts of gold and is 75% gold or 750 fine.
Card weaving,
A band weaving process in which warps are threaded through holes punched in tablets or cards which are turned to create shed openings for the weft to pass through.
A band weaving process in which warps are threaded through holes punched in tablets or cards which are turned to create shed openings for the weft to pass through.
Carding,
A method of preparing fibers for spinning. It is used to even out the density of short fibers, most often wool, by laying them on the teeth of a wire brush (called a card) and scraping them with another matching wire brush. Cards with metal teeth are first recorded in Europe in the 13th century. Yarns spun from carded wool tend to be weak and spongy.
A method of preparing fibers for spinning. It is used to even out the density of short fibers, most often wool, by laying them on the teeth of a wire brush (called a card) and scraping them with another matching wire brush. Cards with metal teeth are first recorded in Europe in the 13th century. Yarns spun from carded wool tend to be weak and spongy.
Caricature,
Picture in which a person's distinctive features, such as nose, ears, or mouth, are distorted or exaggerated.
Picture in which a person's distinctive features, such as nose, ears, or mouth, are distorted or exaggerated.
Carpentry,
Carpentry covers the wide range of process that are used while making objects out of wood. Commonly used tools include, hammer, saw, axe, chisel, clamp, mallets, punches, pliers and measuring tools
Carpentry covers the wide range of process that are used while making objects out of wood. Commonly used tools include, hammer, saw, axe, chisel, clamp, mallets, punches, pliers and measuring tools
Carthamus,
Safflower, an annual plant cultivated in South Europe, Egypt and Asia, for the red dye from its flowers.
Safflower, an annual plant cultivated in South Europe, Egypt and Asia, for the red dye from its flowers.
Carving,
A subtractive process, in which a solid block of material is given a desired form by cutting into its surface and removing unwanted parts of the material using sharpened tools such as chisels, knifes and files. Carving can be done to materials like wood, clay, soap, marble, wax and stone.
A subtractive process, in which a solid block of material is given a desired form by cutting into its surface and removing unwanted parts of the material using sharpened tools such as chisels, knifes and files. Carving can be done to materials like wood, clay, soap, marble, wax and stone.
Cast,
To copy a solid object by pouring a liquid, such as melted metal, clay, wax, or plaster, into a mold and letting it harden. The mold is then removed and a copy, or cast, is left in the shape of the mold.
To copy a solid object by pouring a liquid, such as melted metal, clay, wax, or plaster, into a mold and letting it harden. The mold is then removed and a copy, or cast, is left in the shape of the mold.
Cast (blocks),
Blocks made of type metal, introduced in the 1850s. Many casts of small repeats were made and riveted on to a hardwood base to form a large block. Also known as stereo blocks.
Blocks made of type metal, introduced in the 1850s. Many casts of small repeats were made and riveted on to a hardwood base to form a large block. Also known as stereo blocks.
Cast Iron,
Iron containing more than 2.1% C (the solubility limit for carbon in austenite) together with other impurity elements such as silicon and phosphorus, which has been cast from the liquid. Without further treatment it is very brittle and not malleable either hot or cold. Cast iron exists in two main forms, white and grey; terms which describe the appearance of the surface exposed when the metal is fractured. In white iron the carbon is present as cementite (Fe3C) and as pearlite. Its production is favoured by fast cooling rates and low silicon content. Both irons are brittle - grey iron because of the lack of strength and disposition of the graphite flakes, and white because of the extreme hardness and brittleness of the cementite. Malleable cast irons can be obtained by heat-treatment of white cast irons by converting the combined carbon into free carbon or temper carbon. In the whiteheart process for example, a certain amount of carbon is removed from the surface by oxidation Cast Iron, Grey A cast iron in which the carbon is predominately in the form of graphite flakes. The formation of grey cast irons is promoted by high silicon content (highly reducing conditions). It is often stated that early cast irons tend not to be white as the early furnaces would not be sufficiently reducing to reduce enough silicon. However, very early cast iron found on many Roman and later iron smelting site produce some grey cast iron amongst the metallurgical debris. This is because slow cooling also promoted graphite growth over cementite. Grey cast iron has excellent casting properties and can be machined, but is brittle. It is less easily converted to wrought iron as the carbon in form of graphite flakes and it is more difficult to get the carbon back into the iron so that is is able to diffuse through the metal. Cast Iron, Mottled A cast iron in which the conditions were intermediate between those for graphite and cementite formation, so that the metal contains patterned regions of white and grey cast iron. Cast Iron, White A cast iron in which the carbon in the iron is in the form of cementite. As a result this alloy is extremely hard and brittle. This form of cast iron was favoured for conversion to wrought iron the carbon diffuses more easily if it is already combined with iron in the form of cementite. The formation of white cast iron is favoured by low silicon content, phosphorus, and fast cooling rates.
Iron containing more than 2.1% C (the solubility limit for carbon in austenite) together with other impurity elements such as silicon and phosphorus, which has been cast from the liquid. Without further treatment it is very brittle and not malleable either hot or cold. Cast iron exists in two main forms, white and grey; terms which describe the appearance of the surface exposed when the metal is fractured. In white iron the carbon is present as cementite (Fe3C) and as pearlite. Its production is favoured by fast cooling rates and low silicon content. Both irons are brittle - grey iron because of the lack of strength and disposition of the graphite flakes, and white because of the extreme hardness and brittleness of the cementite. Malleable cast irons can be obtained by heat-treatment of white cast irons by converting the combined carbon into free carbon or temper carbon. In the whiteheart process for example, a certain amount of carbon is removed from the surface by oxidation Cast Iron, Grey A cast iron in which the carbon is predominately in the form of graphite flakes. The formation of grey cast irons is promoted by high silicon content (highly reducing conditions). It is often stated that early cast irons tend not to be white as the early furnaces would not be sufficiently reducing to reduce enough silicon. However, very early cast iron found on many Roman and later iron smelting site produce some grey cast iron amongst the metallurgical debris. This is because slow cooling also promoted graphite growth over cementite. Grey cast iron has excellent casting properties and can be machined, but is brittle. It is less easily converted to wrought iron as the carbon in form of graphite flakes and it is more difficult to get the carbon back into the iron so that is is able to diffuse through the metal. Cast Iron, Mottled A cast iron in which the conditions were intermediate between those for graphite and cementite formation, so that the metal contains patterned regions of white and grey cast iron. Cast Iron, White A cast iron in which the carbon in the iron is in the form of cementite. As a result this alloy is extremely hard and brittle. This form of cast iron was favoured for conversion to wrought iron the carbon diffuses more easily if it is already combined with iron in the form of cementite. The formation of white cast iron is favoured by low silicon content, phosphorus, and fast cooling rates.
Cast on,
To begin a piece by creating the first stitch, cast on by making a loop over the left-hand needle, placing the right-hand needle through the loop, and passing the yarn over and then under the right-hand needle, bringing the yarn through the loop onto the left-hand needle.
To begin a piece by creating the first stitch, cast on by making a loop over the left-hand needle, placing the right-hand needle through the loop, and passing the yarn over and then under the right-hand needle, bringing the yarn through the loop onto the left-hand needle.
Caste,
System of stratification in Hindu society which combines a complex set of rules governing intermarriage with a rigid occupational hierarchy.
System of stratification in Hindu society which combines a complex set of rules governing intermarriage with a rigid occupational hierarchy.
Casting,
1) The operation of pouring metal into a mould and allowing it to solidify. 2) A metallic object that has been made by casting the metal into a shape. The simplest forms could be produced in an open moulds that are were either uncovered at the time of casting, or had a simple flat plate lid. This form was often used for simple early Bronze Age axes. Piece moulds are made of two or more fitting pieces in stone, bronze, or sand-clay mixture. Hollow-cast objects are usually piece moulds with false cores. A figure was modelled in clay and a piece mould was built up around the model. The model was removed and could be shaved down in size to provide the core around which the mould pieces and mother moulds would be assembled. Mould design is important for successful casting to prevent various types of casting defects. Related terms: Lost wax casting, Sand casting, Pattern, Feeder, Header, In-gate, Vent
1) The operation of pouring metal into a mould and allowing it to solidify. 2) A metallic object that has been made by casting the metal into a shape. The simplest forms could be produced in an open moulds that are were either uncovered at the time of casting, or had a simple flat plate lid. This form was often used for simple early Bronze Age axes. Piece moulds are made of two or more fitting pieces in stone, bronze, or sand-clay mixture. Hollow-cast objects are usually piece moulds with false cores. A figure was modelled in clay and a piece mould was built up around the model. The model was removed and could be shaved down in size to provide the core around which the mould pieces and mother moulds would be assembled. Mould design is important for successful casting to prevent various types of casting defects. Related terms: Lost wax casting, Sand casting, Pattern, Feeder, Header, In-gate, Vent
Casting-on,
The process of making a cast part attached to an already existing object or component. In antiquity, a lost wax addition, made by creating a small mould around part of an object and casting on metal directly to it. Often used for dagger handles or repair or construction of large bronze figures.
The process of making a cast part attached to an already existing object or component. In antiquity, a lost wax addition, made by creating a small mould around part of an object and casting on metal directly to it. Often used for dagger handles or repair or construction of large bronze figures.