Cultural Community,
“Cultural community” has been defined as a tightly knit social unit whose members experience strong feelings of unity and solidarity and which is distinguished from other communities by its own culture or cultural design, or by a variant of the generic culture.
“Cultural community” has been defined as a tightly knit social unit whose members experience strong feelings of unity and solidarity and which is distinguished from other communities by its own culture or cultural design, or by a variant of the generic culture.
Cultural Diversity,
According to the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005), cultural diversity refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression. These expressions are passed on within and among groups and societies.
According to the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005), cultural diversity refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression. These expressions are passed on within and among groups and societies.
Cultural Expressions,
The United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005) defines cultural expressions as “those expressions that result from the creativity of individuals, groups and societies, and that have cultural content.”
The United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005) defines cultural expressions as “those expressions that result from the creativity of individuals, groups and societies, and that have cultural content.”
Cultural Heritage,
For purposes of the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), the following is considered as cultural heritage, as outlined in Article 1:
(a) monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;
(b) groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;
(c) sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.
Cultural Identity,
Cultural identity denotes the correspondence which exists between a community—national, ethnic, linguistic, etc.—and its cultural life, as well as the right of each community to its own culture. The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989) stipulates that governments should promote the full realization of the social, economic and cultural rights of these peoples with respect for their social and cultural identity, their customs and traditions and their institutions.
Cultural identity denotes the correspondence which exists between a community—national, ethnic, linguistic, etc.—and its cultural life, as well as the right of each community to its own culture. The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989) stipulates that governments should promote the full realization of the social, economic and cultural rights of these peoples with respect for their social and cultural identity, their customs and traditions and their institutions.
Cultural Property,
Cultural property is defined in the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) as property which, on religious or secular grounds, is specifically designated by each State as being of importance for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, art or science and which belongs to the following categories: (a) rare collections and specimens of fauna, flora, minerals and anatomy, and objects of paleontological interest; (b) property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history, to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artists and to events of national importance; (c) products of archaeological excavations (including regular and clandestine) or of archaeological discoveries; (d) elements of artistic or historical monuments or archaeological sites which have been dismembered; (e) antiquities more than one hundred years old, such as inscriptions, coins and engraved seals; (f) objects of ethnological interest; (g) property of artistic interest, such as: (i) pictures, paintings and drawings produced entirely by hand on any support and in any material (excluding industrial designs and manufactured articles decorated by hand); (ii) original works of statuary art and sculpture in any material; (iii) original engravings, prints and lithographs; (iv) original artistic assemblages and montages in any material; (h) rare manuscripts and incunabula, old books, documents and publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.) singly or in collections (i) postage, revenue and similar stamps, singly or in collections; (j) archives, including sound, photographic and cinematographic archives; (k) articles of furniture more than one hundred years old and old musical instruments.
Cultural property is defined in the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) as property which, on religious or secular grounds, is specifically designated by each State as being of importance for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, art or science and which belongs to the following categories: (a) rare collections and specimens of fauna, flora, minerals and anatomy, and objects of paleontological interest; (b) property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history, to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artists and to events of national importance; (c) products of archaeological excavations (including regular and clandestine) or of archaeological discoveries; (d) elements of artistic or historical monuments or archaeological sites which have been dismembered; (e) antiquities more than one hundred years old, such as inscriptions, coins and engraved seals; (f) objects of ethnological interest; (g) property of artistic interest, such as: (i) pictures, paintings and drawings produced entirely by hand on any support and in any material (excluding industrial designs and manufactured articles decorated by hand); (ii) original works of statuary art and sculpture in any material; (iii) original engravings, prints and lithographs; (iv) original artistic assemblages and montages in any material; (h) rare manuscripts and incunabula, old books, documents and publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.) singly or in collections (i) postage, revenue and similar stamps, singly or in collections; (j) archives, including sound, photographic and cinematographic archives; (k) articles of furniture more than one hundred years old and old musical instruments.
Custodian,
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “custodian” as a “person or institution that has charge or custody (of a child, property, papers, or other valuables).” According to the same source, “custody” refers to the care and control of a thing or person for inspection, preservation, or security. A “custodian” is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “one who has the custody of a thing or person; a guardian, keeper.” The Merriam-Webster dictionary provides: “one that guards and protects or maintains.” The term “custodian” in the context of traditional knowledge and cultural expressions refers to those communities, peoples, individuals and other entities which, according to customary laws and other practices, maintain, use and develop the traditional knowledge and cultural expressions. It expresses a notion that is different from “ownership,” since it conveys a sense of responsibility to ensure that the traditional knowledge or cultural expressions are used in a way that is consistent with community values and customary law.
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “custodian” as a “person or institution that has charge or custody (of a child, property, papers, or other valuables).” According to the same source, “custody” refers to the care and control of a thing or person for inspection, preservation, or security. A “custodian” is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “one who has the custody of a thing or person; a guardian, keeper.” The Merriam-Webster dictionary provides: “one that guards and protects or maintains.” The term “custodian” in the context of traditional knowledge and cultural expressions refers to those communities, peoples, individuals and other entities which, according to customary laws and other practices, maintain, use and develop the traditional knowledge and cultural expressions. It expresses a notion that is different from “ownership,” since it conveys a sense of responsibility to ensure that the traditional knowledge or cultural expressions are used in a way that is consistent with community values and customary law.
Customary Context,
"Customary context" refers to the utilization of traditional knowledge or cultural expressions in accordance with the practices of everyday life of the community, such as, for instance, usual ways of selling copies of tangible expressions of folklore by local craftsmen.
"Customary context" refers to the utilization of traditional knowledge or cultural expressions in accordance with the practices of everyday life of the community, such as, for instance, usual ways of selling copies of tangible expressions of folklore by local craftsmen.
Customary Law and Protocols,
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “customary law” as law “consisting of customs that are accepted as legal requirements or obligatory rules of conduct; practices and beliefs that are so vital and intrinsic a part of a social and economic system that they are treated as if they were laws.” Customary law has also been defined as “locally recognized principles, and more specific norms or rules, which are orally held and transmitted, and applied by community institutions to internally govern or guide all aspects of life.” The ways in which customary laws are embodied differ from one another. For instance, the laws can be codified, written or oral, expressly articulated or implemented in traditional practices. Another important element is whether these laws are actually “formally” recognized by and/or linked to the national legal systems of the country in which a community resides. A decisive factor in determining whether certain customs have status as law is whether they have been and are being viewed by the community as having binding effect, or whether they simply describe actual practices. Customary laws concern many aspects of communities’ lives. They define rights and responsibilities of community members on important aspects of their life, culture and world view: customary law can relate to use of and access to natural resources, rights and obligations relating to land, inheritance and property, conduct of spiritual life, maintenance of cultural heritage and knowledge systems, and many other matters. It has been argued that customary law consists of indigenous customs practiced by traditional communities, and carrying along with them local sanctions for their breach. Most of customary law rules are unwritten and not uniform across ethnic groups. Differences in the customary laws of ethnic groups can be traced to various factors such as language, proximity, origin, history, social structure and economy. Customary law is not static, but dynamic; its rules change from time to time to reflect changing social and economic conditions. Some of the working documents of the IGC make reference to customary laws and protocols and some note that these should be taken into account in devising a new system of protection for traditional knowledge or traditional cultural expressions.
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “customary law” as law “consisting of customs that are accepted as legal requirements or obligatory rules of conduct; practices and beliefs that are so vital and intrinsic a part of a social and economic system that they are treated as if they were laws.” Customary law has also been defined as “locally recognized principles, and more specific norms or rules, which are orally held and transmitted, and applied by community institutions to internally govern or guide all aspects of life.” The ways in which customary laws are embodied differ from one another. For instance, the laws can be codified, written or oral, expressly articulated or implemented in traditional practices. Another important element is whether these laws are actually “formally” recognized by and/or linked to the national legal systems of the country in which a community resides. A decisive factor in determining whether certain customs have status as law is whether they have been and are being viewed by the community as having binding effect, or whether they simply describe actual practices. Customary laws concern many aspects of communities’ lives. They define rights and responsibilities of community members on important aspects of their life, culture and world view: customary law can relate to use of and access to natural resources, rights and obligations relating to land, inheritance and property, conduct of spiritual life, maintenance of cultural heritage and knowledge systems, and many other matters. It has been argued that customary law consists of indigenous customs practiced by traditional communities, and carrying along with them local sanctions for their breach. Most of customary law rules are unwritten and not uniform across ethnic groups. Differences in the customary laws of ethnic groups can be traced to various factors such as language, proximity, origin, history, social structure and economy. Customary law is not static, but dynamic; its rules change from time to time to reflect changing social and economic conditions. Some of the working documents of the IGC make reference to customary laws and protocols and some note that these should be taken into account in devising a new system of protection for traditional knowledge or traditional cultural expressions.
Customary Practices,
Customary practices may be described as the acts and uses governing and guiding aspects of a community’s life. Customary practices are engrained within the community and embedded in the way it lives and works. They cannot be perceived as stand-alone, codified “laws” as such.
Customary practices may be described as the acts and uses governing and guiding aspects of a community’s life. Customary practices are engrained within the community and embedded in the way it lives and works. They cannot be perceived as stand-alone, codified “laws” as such.
Cut work,
The cutting of motives, patterns or designs through a surface is known as cutwork. Cut work is a generic term and can be used for the cutting of various materials such as paper, card, metal sheets, textiles, pottery or ceramic. In textiles cutwork is the technique where part of the fabric is cut away and the remaining hole is filled with embroidery or lace. In ceramics, before an object is baked while still wet shapes can be cut through the clay creating patterns. Cutwork used as a pattern for printing is known as a stencil.
The cutting of motives, patterns or designs through a surface is known as cutwork. Cut work is a generic term and can be used for the cutting of various materials such as paper, card, metal sheets, textiles, pottery or ceramic. In textiles cutwork is the technique where part of the fabric is cut away and the remaining hole is filled with embroidery or lace. In ceramics, before an object is baked while still wet shapes can be cut through the clay creating patterns. Cutwork used as a pattern for printing is known as a stencil.
Cut-and-drawn thread,
A type of openwork embroidery which depends on the cutting and withdrawing of yarn from a woven ground fabric, and the stitching of the remaining threads and edges into decorative patterns. Also known as drawn threadwork.
A type of openwork embroidery which depends on the cutting and withdrawing of yarn from a woven ground fabric, and the stitching of the remaining threads and edges into decorative patterns. Also known as drawn threadwork.