Equitable Remuneration,
Equitable remuneration refers to the remuneration of certain acts carried out in respect of a work or an object of related rights in an amount and in a manner consistent with what may be regarded as normal commercial standards in case of authorization of the same act by the owner of a copyright or related rights. Such remuneration is usually payable when economic rights are reduced to a right to remuneration (and, in general, applied on the basis of a non-voluntary license). The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, 1996 (WPPT), provides that performers and producers of phonograms enjoy the right to a single equitable remuneration for the direct or indirect use of phonograms, published for commercial purposes, for broadcasting or for communication to the public (Article 15(1)). However, any Contracting Party may restrict or – provided that it makes a reservation to the Treaty – deny this right (Article 15(3).
Equitable remuneration refers to the remuneration of certain acts carried out in respect of a work or an object of related rights in an amount and in a manner consistent with what may be regarded as normal commercial standards in case of authorization of the same act by the owner of a copyright or related rights. Such remuneration is usually payable when economic rights are reduced to a right to remuneration (and, in general, applied on the basis of a non-voluntary license). The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, 1996 (WPPT), provides that performers and producers of phonograms enjoy the right to a single equitable remuneration for the direct or indirect use of phonograms, published for commercial purposes, for broadcasting or for communication to the public (Article 15(1)). However, any Contracting Party may restrict or – provided that it makes a reservation to the Treaty – deny this right (Article 15(3).
Etching,
A process in which corrosive solutions are used to selectively remove or stain selected micro structural components from a polished metal surface so that the micro-structure can be seen using a reflected light (metallurgical) microscope or the overall structure of metal can be seen by the naked eye (macro-etch). There are many hundred different etch solutions, each one will reveal one or more specific micro-structural components. The etch characteristics of some etches will be altered by traces of unusual elements, with the result that it may take some time and effort to find the optimum etch conditions for some archaeological alloys as they do not fall into the ‘standard’ com-positional ranges for the etches.
A process in which corrosive solutions are used to selectively remove or stain selected micro structural components from a polished metal surface so that the micro-structure can be seen using a reflected light (metallurgical) microscope or the overall structure of metal can be seen by the naked eye (macro-etch). There are many hundred different etch solutions, each one will reveal one or more specific micro-structural components. The etch characteristics of some etches will be altered by traces of unusual elements, with the result that it may take some time and effort to find the optimum etch conditions for some archaeological alloys as they do not fall into the ‘standard’ com-positional ranges for the etches.
Etching,
The craft of producing an intaglio design in metal by means of lines drawn through a thin protective coating (usually of wax) which covers the plate or cylinder; the lines in the exposed metal are then bitten into by acid.
The craft of producing an intaglio design in metal by means of lines drawn through a thin protective coating (usually of wax) which covers the plate or cylinder; the lines in the exposed metal are then bitten into by acid.
Ex-situ,
Referring to the definition of “ex situ conservation” in Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity(1992), “ex situ” may be understood as “components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.”
Referring to the definition of “ex situ conservation” in Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity(1992), “ex situ” may be understood as “components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.”
Exceptions,
The term “exceptions” sets the limits of the use of a copyrighted work. Exceptions are closely concerned with the acts that relate to the protected elements. Sometimes the word “exception” covers legislative decisions which remove certain original creations from the owner’s monopoly (the text of laws or judicial decisions, for example) but, on the whole, it is a question of determining what uses of protected elements are neither subject to authorization nor remuneration. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1971), provides for the application of a three-step test to determine the permissibility of exceptions: (i) the exception may only cover certain special cases; (ii) the exception must not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and (iii) must not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights of right owners.
The term “exceptions” sets the limits of the use of a copyrighted work. Exceptions are closely concerned with the acts that relate to the protected elements. Sometimes the word “exception” covers legislative decisions which remove certain original creations from the owner’s monopoly (the text of laws or judicial decisions, for example) but, on the whole, it is a question of determining what uses of protected elements are neither subject to authorization nor remuneration. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1971), provides for the application of a three-step test to determine the permissibility of exceptions: (i) the exception may only cover certain special cases; (ii) the exception must not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and (iii) must not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights of right owners.
Expression by Action,
“Expressions by action” refer to expressions of the human body. They can include folk dances, plays and artistic forms of rituals, and need not be reduced to material form, e.g., be written down in choreographic notation.
“Expressions by action” refer to expressions of the human body. They can include folk dances, plays and artistic forms of rituals, and need not be reduced to material form, e.g., be written down in choreographic notation.
Expressions of Folklore,
In the WIPO-UNESCO Model Provisions, 1982, “expressions of folklore" are productions consisting of characteristic elements of the traditional artistic heritage developed and maintained by a community of a country or by individuals reflecting the traditional artistic expectations of such a community, in particular: (i) Verbal expressions, such as folk tales, folk poetry and riddles; (ii) Musical expressions, such as folk songs and instrumental music; (iii) Expressions by action, such as folk dances, plays and artistic forms or rituals; whether or not reduced to a material form; and (iv) Tangible expressions. In the context of the IGC, the terms “traditional cultural expressions” and “expressions of folklore” are synonyms and used alternatively.
In the WIPO-UNESCO Model Provisions, 1982, “expressions of folklore" are productions consisting of characteristic elements of the traditional artistic heritage developed and maintained by a community of a country or by individuals reflecting the traditional artistic expectations of such a community, in particular: (i) Verbal expressions, such as folk tales, folk poetry and riddles; (ii) Musical expressions, such as folk songs and instrumental music; (iii) Expressions by action, such as folk dances, plays and artistic forms or rituals; whether or not reduced to a material form; and (iv) Tangible expressions. In the context of the IGC, the terms “traditional cultural expressions” and “expressions of folklore” are synonyms and used alternatively.