Metallography,
The examination of prepared (polished and etched usually) metal samples by reflected light microscopy.
The examination of prepared (polished and etched usually) metal samples by reflected light microscopy.
Meteoric iron,
Iron from outer space. Usually an alloy of iron and nickel. Small amounts of cobalt and manganese are typical. Some early iron artefacts were made using meteoric iron.
Iron from outer space. Usually an alloy of iron and nickel. Small amounts of cobalt and manganese are typical. Some early iron artefacts were made using meteoric iron.
Mica,
Thin, flexible, transparent and glittering scales of silicate found naturally and used to decorate garments. Mica has largely been replaced by mirror-work.
Thin, flexible, transparent and glittering scales of silicate found naturally and used to decorate garments. Mica has largely been replaced by mirror-work.
Mild steel,
Low carbon iron. The modern equivalent of wrought iron but without the slag which gives the latter its fibrous structure. However, some mild steel compositions can form banded structures following certain thermo-mechanical treatments.
Low carbon iron. The modern equivalent of wrought iron but without the slag which gives the latter its fibrous structure. However, some mild steel compositions can form banded structures following certain thermo-mechanical treatments.
Mill,
A small cylinder of softened steel on which the pattern is raised in relief (by pressure and acid) from contact with a previously engraved die.
A small cylinder of softened steel on which the pattern is raised in relief (by pressure and acid) from contact with a previously engraved die.
Mill engraving,
Also known as ‘machine engraving’, it is the mechanical method of ‘engraving’ a cylinder; the design is pressed out by means of a mill.
Also known as ‘machine engraving’, it is the mechanical method of ‘engraving’ a cylinder; the design is pressed out by means of a mill.
Mill Spinning,
Mechanical spinning of yarn in the United Kingdom began with the industrial revolution in the 17th century.
Mechanical spinning of yarn in the United Kingdom began with the industrial revolution in the 17th century.
Minimum Documentation PCT,
According to the WIPO PCT Glossary, the Minimum documentation could be described as “the documents in which the International Searching Authority must search for relevant prior art. It also applies to International Preliminary Examining Authorities for examination purposes. The documentation comprises certain published patent documents and non-patent literature contained in a list published by the International Bureau. The Minimum Documentation is set out by the PCT Regulations Rule 34“. In the PCT International Search Guidelines, the international search minimum documentation is defined as “a document collection that is systematically arranged (or otherwise systematically accessible) for search purposes according to the subject matter content of the documents, which are primarily patent documents supplemented by a number of articles from periodicals and other items of non-patent literature”. In February of 2003, at the seventh session of the Meeting of International Authorities under the PCT, there was agreement in principle that Traditional Knowledge documentation should be included in the non-patent literature part of the PCT Minimum Documentation. For instance, the Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge and the Korean Journal of Traditional Knowledge are identified as non-patent literature in the “PCT Minimum Documentation – List of Periodicals: Periodicals to Be Used for Search and Examination.”
According to the WIPO PCT Glossary, the Minimum documentation could be described as “the documents in which the International Searching Authority must search for relevant prior art. It also applies to International Preliminary Examining Authorities for examination purposes. The documentation comprises certain published patent documents and non-patent literature contained in a list published by the International Bureau. The Minimum Documentation is set out by the PCT Regulations Rule 34“. In the PCT International Search Guidelines, the international search minimum documentation is defined as “a document collection that is systematically arranged (or otherwise systematically accessible) for search purposes according to the subject matter content of the documents, which are primarily patent documents supplemented by a number of articles from periodicals and other items of non-patent literature”. In February of 2003, at the seventh session of the Meeting of International Authorities under the PCT, there was agreement in principle that Traditional Knowledge documentation should be included in the non-patent literature part of the PCT Minimum Documentation. For instance, the Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge and the Korean Journal of Traditional Knowledge are identified as non-patent literature in the “PCT Minimum Documentation – List of Periodicals: Periodicals to Be Used for Search and Examination.”
Minority,
According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “minority” refers to a group that is different in some respect from the majority and that is sometimes treated differently as a result. A minority is a group which is numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State and in a non-dominant position, whose members possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics which differ from those of the rest of the population, and who if only implicitly, maintain a sense of solidarity directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language. According to the Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992), minorities have the right to enjoy their own culture, without interference or any form of discrimination. States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), in those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or to use their own language.
According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “minority” refers to a group that is different in some respect from the majority and that is sometimes treated differently as a result. A minority is a group which is numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State and in a non-dominant position, whose members possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics which differ from those of the rest of the population, and who if only implicitly, maintain a sense of solidarity directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language. According to the Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992), minorities have the right to enjoy their own culture, without interference or any form of discrimination. States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), in those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or to use their own language.
Mir,
Mir is a paper making screen. When coupled with a khashi (a paper making frame) it makes individual sheets of paper the traditional hand made way.
Mir is a paper making screen. When coupled with a khashi (a paper making frame) it makes individual sheets of paper the traditional hand made way.
Mirror work,
Rounds cut from thin mirror glass, often lead-backed, or from mica, and sewn on to a base fabric with a framework of stitches.
Rounds cut from thin mirror glass, often lead-backed, or from mica, and sewn on to a base fabric with a framework of stitches.
Misappropriation,
In the field of intellectual property, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “misappropriation” as “the common-law tort of using the non-copyrightable information or ideas that an organization collects and disseminates for a profit to compete unfairly against that organization, or copying a work whose creator has not yet claimed or been granted exclusive rights in the work. […] The elements of misappropriation are: (1) the plaintiff must have invested time, money, or effort to extract the information, (2) the defendant must have taken the information with no similar investment, and (3) the plaintiff must have suffered a competitive injury because of the taking.” The tort of misappropriation is part of unfair competition law in the common law system. Misappropriation thus entails the wrongful or dishonest use or borrowing of someone’s property, and is often used to found action in cases where no property right as such has been infringed. Misappropriation may refer to wrongful borrowing or to the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to someone’s care but actually owned by someone else. For example, Article 3 of the draft Legal Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge in Sri Lanka, 2009, defines “misappropriation” as “(i) acquisition, appropriation or use of traditional knowledge in violation of the provisions of this Act, (ii) deriving benefits from acquisition, appropriation or use of traditional knowledge where the person who acquires, appropriates or uses traditional knowledge is aware of, or could not have been unaware of, or is negligent to become aware of the fact that the traditional knowledge was acquired, appropriated or used by any unfair means and (iii) any commercial activity contrary to honest practices that results in unfair or inequitable benefits from traditional knowledge.”
In the field of intellectual property, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “misappropriation” as “the common-law tort of using the non-copyrightable information or ideas that an organization collects and disseminates for a profit to compete unfairly against that organization, or copying a work whose creator has not yet claimed or been granted exclusive rights in the work. […] The elements of misappropriation are: (1) the plaintiff must have invested time, money, or effort to extract the information, (2) the defendant must have taken the information with no similar investment, and (3) the plaintiff must have suffered a competitive injury because of the taking.” The tort of misappropriation is part of unfair competition law in the common law system. Misappropriation thus entails the wrongful or dishonest use or borrowing of someone’s property, and is often used to found action in cases where no property right as such has been infringed. Misappropriation may refer to wrongful borrowing or to the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to someone’s care but actually owned by someone else. For example, Article 3 of the draft Legal Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge in Sri Lanka, 2009, defines “misappropriation” as “(i) acquisition, appropriation or use of traditional knowledge in violation of the provisions of this Act, (ii) deriving benefits from acquisition, appropriation or use of traditional knowledge where the person who acquires, appropriates or uses traditional knowledge is aware of, or could not have been unaware of, or is negligent to become aware of the fact that the traditional knowledge was acquired, appropriated or used by any unfair means and (iii) any commercial activity contrary to honest practices that results in unfair or inequitable benefits from traditional knowledge.”