Paperex,
Paperex is an annual expo held by the All India Handmade paper Industries Association. It encourages exchange between handmade paper producers and consumers, as well as enables regulatory information to be distributed.
Paperex is an annual expo held by the All India Handmade paper Industries Association. It encourages exchange between handmade paper producers and consumers, as well as enables regulatory information to be distributed.
Papier-mache,
Art material made of paper torn into strips or made into pulp and mixed with art paste. It can be molded into various shapes when wet and produces a solid material that is quite strong when it dries
Art material made of paper torn into strips or made into pulp and mixed with art paste. It can be molded into various shapes when wet and produces a solid material that is quite strong when it dries
Papyrus,
Papyrus: Egypt to Greece to Rome, is a substance made from layering flattened plant stalk in a cross wise fashion and then pressing, drying this with flour paste. The papyrus is then beaten flat and smooth, ready for inscription (writing, drawing, ainting.) Papyrus: Egypt, aquatic plant of same name, 10-15 ft high stem which is smooth and without knots, papyrus made by separating the coats of this by a thin mussel shell and then soaked in the form the paper was to be and allowed to dry.
Papyrus: Egypt to Greece to Rome, is a substance made from layering flattened plant stalk in a cross wise fashion and then pressing, drying this with flour paste. The papyrus is then beaten flat and smooth, ready for inscription (writing, drawing, ainting.) Papyrus: Egypt, aquatic plant of same name, 10-15 ft high stem which is smooth and without knots, papyrus made by separating the coats of this by a thin mussel shell and then soaked in the form the paper was to be and allowed to dry.
Parchment,
Parchment is thick paper like substance that is made from cured animal skins. Although it resembles vellum, it is thicker and opaque. parchment is sheetlike material made from animal skin...associated with quality that is practically without peer...durable.'made from the split skin of sheep.' thegrain or wool side of the animal's skin is made into skiver that is material suitable for use in bookbinding. The flesh or lining side of the skin is converted into parchment.
Parchment is thick paper like substance that is made from cured animal skins. Although it resembles vellum, it is thicker and opaque. parchment is sheetlike material made from animal skin...associated with quality that is practically without peer...durable.'made from the split skin of sheep.' thegrain or wool side of the animal's skin is made into skiver that is material suitable for use in bookbinding. The flesh or lining side of the skin is converted into parchment.
Part mould,
A semi-permanent mould made of several pieces so that objects with recesses can be cast without destroying the mould each time.
A semi-permanent mould made of several pieces so that objects with recesses can be cast without destroying the mould each time.
Parting,
Noble metals can be separated from base metals by liquidation of the metal with lead, then cupellation of the lead, however, this does not separate silver from gold. To remove silver from gold a method of parting has to be used. This was by either acid parting, or the salt cementation process, and later by sulphur parting. For full discussion of the history of parting see Rampage and Craddock 2000. Acid parting Although weak organic acids could improve the colour of gold containing copper, these would not remove silver, so that silver-rich gold would remain a pale colour. The removal of silver required the use of strong acids (hydrochloric and nitric in particular). Acid parting only became possible when strong mineral acids became generally available. The distillation is thought to have been first used during the eleventh or twelfth centuries in Europe, although it is some evidence that they were used by the 10th century in the Islamic world. The method is not mentioned by Theophilus, but various 16th century European metallurgical treatises and handbooks describe the method in some detail; they suggest that it was not a cost effective alternative to salt parting. However, it seems likely that it became more widely used by the end of the 16th century and during the 17th century. Antimony Parting See sulphur and sulphide parting. Salt Cementation Parting Until the discovery of strong mineral acids salt cementation parting was the main method used to refine gold. The literature would suggest that there were a number of different variations on the process, but the essentials were the use of common salt cement and the presence of alumino-silicate ceramics preferably with an appreciable iron oxide content (in the form of an earthenware container, and possibly the addition of crushed brick or earthenware powder to the salt cement). The impure gold was beaten into thin sheets, or was granulated to produce fine grains, or was naturally in the form as an ore. The gold was interleaved with layers of 'cement' formed of either salt or a mixture of slightly moistened ground up alumino-silicate material (burnt clay - old pot or tile) and salt (NaCl) in a sealed clay vessel. On heating the salt would react with the alumino-silicates of the burnt clay together with the water or urine, used to moisten the cement, to liberate volatile hydrogen chloride or chlorine gas. This gas, in turn, reacts with the silver at the surface of gold to form volatile silver chloride (AgCl), which was absorbed by the alumino-silicate in the ‘cement’. The process had to be carried out at as high as a temperature possible to speed the diffusion process. But the temperature was limited by either the melting points of either the alloy, or of the active reagents if no carrier medium was used. If the gold alloy melted, or the temperature rose very close to its melting point, the foil would ball up. This would reduce the surface area available for attack and increase the diffusion distances, thus slowing the reaction. If no carrier material (brick or pottery dust) was used, the gold would sink through a simple salt cement if the temperature rose too close to the melting point of salt (804°C). At the end of the process the gold would be melted into small ingots that could be tested for purity and if found to be of low purity these could be forged into foils so that the parting process could be repeated. The spent cement would be smelted with lead, which would be cupelled to recover the silver. Various versions of the process have been described in the ancient literature, with the addition of other salts such green vitriol (hydrated ferrous sulphate), saltpetre (potassium nitrate) in addition to common salt. However, the presence of large amounts of nitrates in the mixture would result in the loss of gold as the combination of hydrochloric and nitric acid will dissolve the gold as well as the silver. Although widely used until the 18th century, the process was largely forgotten and the distinctive debris from the process is rarely identified, as the sherds do not have the vitrified internal surfaces typical of used crucibles. However, parting vessels do have a distinctive purple tinge due to the presence of silver chloride. See Craddock 1995 216-219 and Bayley 2001, Rampage & Craddock 2000 for more information.
Noble metals can be separated from base metals by liquidation of the metal with lead, then cupellation of the lead, however, this does not separate silver from gold. To remove silver from gold a method of parting has to be used. This was by either acid parting, or the salt cementation process, and later by sulphur parting. For full discussion of the history of parting see Rampage and Craddock 2000. Acid parting Although weak organic acids could improve the colour of gold containing copper, these would not remove silver, so that silver-rich gold would remain a pale colour. The removal of silver required the use of strong acids (hydrochloric and nitric in particular). Acid parting only became possible when strong mineral acids became generally available. The distillation is thought to have been first used during the eleventh or twelfth centuries in Europe, although it is some evidence that they were used by the 10th century in the Islamic world. The method is not mentioned by Theophilus, but various 16th century European metallurgical treatises and handbooks describe the method in some detail; they suggest that it was not a cost effective alternative to salt parting. However, it seems likely that it became more widely used by the end of the 16th century and during the 17th century. Antimony Parting See sulphur and sulphide parting. Salt Cementation Parting Until the discovery of strong mineral acids salt cementation parting was the main method used to refine gold. The literature would suggest that there were a number of different variations on the process, but the essentials were the use of common salt cement and the presence of alumino-silicate ceramics preferably with an appreciable iron oxide content (in the form of an earthenware container, and possibly the addition of crushed brick or earthenware powder to the salt cement). The impure gold was beaten into thin sheets, or was granulated to produce fine grains, or was naturally in the form as an ore. The gold was interleaved with layers of 'cement' formed of either salt or a mixture of slightly moistened ground up alumino-silicate material (burnt clay - old pot or tile) and salt (NaCl) in a sealed clay vessel. On heating the salt would react with the alumino-silicates of the burnt clay together with the water or urine, used to moisten the cement, to liberate volatile hydrogen chloride or chlorine gas. This gas, in turn, reacts with the silver at the surface of gold to form volatile silver chloride (AgCl), which was absorbed by the alumino-silicate in the ‘cement’. The process had to be carried out at as high as a temperature possible to speed the diffusion process. But the temperature was limited by either the melting points of either the alloy, or of the active reagents if no carrier medium was used. If the gold alloy melted, or the temperature rose very close to its melting point, the foil would ball up. This would reduce the surface area available for attack and increase the diffusion distances, thus slowing the reaction. If no carrier material (brick or pottery dust) was used, the gold would sink through a simple salt cement if the temperature rose too close to the melting point of salt (804°C). At the end of the process the gold would be melted into small ingots that could be tested for purity and if found to be of low purity these could be forged into foils so that the parting process could be repeated. The spent cement would be smelted with lead, which would be cupelled to recover the silver. Various versions of the process have been described in the ancient literature, with the addition of other salts such green vitriol (hydrated ferrous sulphate), saltpetre (potassium nitrate) in addition to common salt. However, the presence of large amounts of nitrates in the mixture would result in the loss of gold as the combination of hydrochloric and nitric acid will dissolve the gold as well as the silver. Although widely used until the 18th century, the process was largely forgotten and the distinctive debris from the process is rarely identified, as the sherds do not have the vitrified internal surfaces typical of used crucibles. However, parting vessels do have a distinctive purple tinge due to the presence of silver chloride. See Craddock 1995 216-219 and Bayley 2001, Rampage & Craddock 2000 for more information.
Paste-resist,
A resist dyeing process in which a thick paste is applied to the surface of the fabric and allowed to harden before the cloth is dyed. See also batik, resist dyeing.
A resist dyeing process in which a thick paste is applied to the surface of the fabric and allowed to harden before the cloth is dyed. See also batik, resist dyeing.
Pat,
Folk tales painted on scrolls.Also, Cloth length in Gujarat; while in Punjab pat means floss silk.
Folk tales painted on scrolls.Also, Cloth length in Gujarat; while in Punjab pat means floss silk.
Pata chitra/Patachitra,
Patachitra or the cloth board scroll icon painting of Orissa occupy an important status among the many art forms centered around the temple of Puri. For the painted surface, the chitrakar community of painters utilises a gauze like fine cotton cloth, coated with a cooked solution of powdered tamarind seed, chalk and gum and subsequently smoothened.
The paintings are executed primarily in profile with highly elongated eyes within floral border. There are few landscapes and the scenes are depicted in a foreground closely juxtaposed together. Highly stylised paintings of the Puri temple and scenes from the epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, figure along with the predominant painting of lord Jagannath, a form of Krishna, with his older brother Balarama and sister Subhadra.
Patachitra or the cloth board scroll icon painting of Orissa occupy an important status among the many art forms centered around the temple of Puri. For the painted surface, the chitrakar community of painters utilises a gauze like fine cotton cloth, coated with a cooked solution of powdered tamarind seed, chalk and gum and subsequently smoothened.
The paintings are executed primarily in profile with highly elongated eyes within floral border. There are few landscapes and the scenes are depicted in a foreground closely juxtaposed together. Highly stylised paintings of the Puri temple and scenes from the epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, figure along with the predominant painting of lord Jagannath, a form of Krishna, with his older brother Balarama and sister Subhadra.
Patchwork,
A decorative fabric assembled by seaming together many relatively small and more or less equivalent pieces of a number of different fabrics. See also appliqué.
A decorative fabric assembled by seaming together many relatively small and more or less equivalent pieces of a number of different fabrics. See also appliqué.
Patent,
A patent is defined as “a document which describes an invention which can be manufactured, used, and sold with the authorization of the owner of the patent. An invention is a solution to a specific technical problem. A patent document normally contains at least one claim, the full text of the description of the invention, and bibliographic information such as the applicant’s name. The protection given by a patent is limited in time (generally 15 to 20 years from filing or grant). It is also limited territorially to the country or countries concerned. A patent is an agreement between an inventor and a country. The agreement permits the owner to exclude others from making, using or selling the claimed invention.” Article 27(1) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement states that “[…] patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application. […] patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.”
A patent is defined as “a document which describes an invention which can be manufactured, used, and sold with the authorization of the owner of the patent. An invention is a solution to a specific technical problem. A patent document normally contains at least one claim, the full text of the description of the invention, and bibliographic information such as the applicant’s name. The protection given by a patent is limited in time (generally 15 to 20 years from filing or grant). It is also limited territorially to the country or countries concerned. A patent is an agreement between an inventor and a country. The agreement permits the owner to exclude others from making, using or selling the claimed invention.” Article 27(1) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement states that “[…] patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application. […] patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.”
Path of vision,
Imaginary route the eyes follow when one is viewing a work of art. It usually begins at the bottom edge, moves clockwise, and ends at the center of interest.
Imaginary route the eyes follow when one is viewing a work of art. It usually begins at the bottom edge, moves clockwise, and ends at the center of interest.